National Catholic Reporter: Military chaplains see conflict differently

Gathered at Sunday Mass March 23, the 300 active and retired military personnel and their families did not have to look far to remind themselves of wars' costs: Fort Myer's nondenominational chapel lies adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery's 260,000 graves, just a short walk from the Iwo Jima Memorial and the Tomb of the Unknowns.

News of the first American casualties in the Iraq war arrived prior to the 9 a.m. service. "We are a military family here at Fort Myer," said Msgr. Joseph Goudreau, "and this weighs heavily on us."

The congregation prayed for coalition troops, for those killed in action, for President Bush and U.S. military leaders, and that the Iraqi people would enjoy a just peace absent the "shackles of dictatorship." The choir offered a post-Eucharist requiem "in memory of the military personnel we have lost."

It is a difficult time for military families, like those at the close-knit Fort Myer community. Family members and longtime friends are engaged in a war that may yet require additional manpower. And it's not made easier, perhaps, when their church's leadership sees the war they have been called to fight as unjust.

That's where military chaplains--the church's representatives among the troops--come in. And they see this conflict from a different perspective than that of their clerical superiors.

"I'm going to trust our military intelligence more than I'm going to trust the military intelligence," said Dominican Fr. Thomas Doyle, an Air Force major and one of 14 chaplains serving the largest American community outside the United States--the 45,000 Americans at Germany's Ramstein Air Force Base.

"It's nice to say ... that we have to use every avenue for diplomacy. Well, Plus XII did that in World War II and look where that ended up," said the 17-year chaplaincy corps veteran.

In the 1990s, Doyle was deployed to Saudi Arabia and Kuwait with "Operation Southern Watch," the decade-long effort to enforce the "no-fly zone" in Southern Iraq. The experience shaped his view of the current conflict.

"I'm sensitive to people who are against this particular war," said Doyle. "It looks like an offensive war. But on the other hand I vividly remember what I saw in Kuwait ... and I'm also sensitive to what I've been made aware of from our own military intelligence. And I have to tell you, [Saddam] makes Hitler look like an amateur."

The words of the pope and the U.S. bishops are largely meaningless to the thousands of troops deployed to the Middle East from Ramstein, said Doyle.

"To be quite honest with you, it's not something that's been discussed at all.... I don't think anybody even knows what they said over here. We're not the policy. makers. We're the soldiers. The way we're trained, we don't even question it."

The view from Naval Base Ventura County, Calif., north of Los Angeles, is similar, though Fr. Eugene Gomulka, a Navy captain, has dealt with military personnel who doubt whether military action against Iraq is justified.

"People in the military are the last ones who want to go to war. They are ye people who are most opposed to war because it's our lives that are at stake," says Gomulka. "But when we do have to go to war, then we hope that it will be over soon with a minimal loss of life, not only on our part, but on the part of the people who we may find some opposition from."

Over the last few months, said Gomulka, he has had conversations with members of the military who are skeptical of the war. He counseled them to follow their conscience, acknowledging, "There are some wars that are easier to call."

Gomulka has an extensive e-mail contact list to which he has distributed different views of the conflict. Two recent missives: John Brady Kiesling's letter of resignation from the foreign service, a move he took to protest the war, and an article that compares the threat posed by Saddam's Iraq to Hitler's Germany.

Still, Gomulka has not hesitated to express his own viewpoint. "From my perspective, if Saddam does have weapons of mass destruction and if he is making those available to terrorist groups that can pose a serious threat, that may require the use of force to recoup those weapons." Though he cannot endorse the conflict "with total certainty," says Gomulka, "I have to rely on the information of our intelligence services."

War is the pressing issue of the day, but even now chaplains Gomulka and Doyle spend most of their time meeting individual pastoral needs, not debating the morality, or lack thereof, of U.S. military actions. First Communions are administered and religions education classes are conducted, the forlorn consoled, and spouses of recently deployed personnel assisted with daycare and family life.

Nearly two-thirds of active duty personnel, said Gomulka, are married, and many are wed at ages 19, 20 and 21--far younger than their civilian counterparts. The strain of long-term separations and limited incomes, among other factors, said Gomulka, mean that "a lot of these young people, especially the junior grades, have a significant number of problems."

Doyle, meanwhile, is trained as a drug abuse, behavior addiction (such as gambling) and alcohol counselor. He spends time twice a month at the military prison, where charges range from disobeying a lawful order to murder.

"The guys I spend my time with, most of them are marginalized and disenfranchised. They don't know what religion is all about," said Doyle. "But they can identify with a chaplain who cuts through all that, who doesn't preach to them, who doesn't get pietistic, and who says to them `I don't care who you are or what you are.' They are hammered and they have to have somebody in their corner."

At Fort Myer, meanwhile, the typically Catholic congregation--not many had joined their voices to the choir's during the Mass--departed just before 10 a.m. The recessional hymn, "America the Beautiful," did not lack for voices.

RELATED ARTICLE: Just war applies on battlefield, analyst says.

In February, Maryann Cusimano-Love--adviser to the U.S. bishops on Iraq, associate professor of politics at The Catholic University of America and fellow at the U.S. Naval Academy Ethics Center--told 500 church social action workers (NCR, Feb. 21) that just war criteria are as relevant to the conduct of a war as they are in making the determination to begin hostilities.

Anticipating the outbreak of war, Cusimano-Love told the social action workers, "We must continue to raise our voices and focus our attention on [just war] criteria and restrictions in the use of force."

Today, Cusimano-Love is doing just that.

Classic just war theory emphasizes two criteria once troops are in the field of battle: discrimination and proportionality. The latter refers to the targets of war: How well or badly are noncombatants protected from harm? Proportionality relates to the amount of force used to achieve an objective.

Speaking March 24, five days after the first U.S. air strikes hit Baghdad (and two days before an errant weapon reportedly killed more than a dozen Iraqis at a Baghdad market), Cusimano-Love described a mixed picture. On the positive side, the Iraqi government was reporting noncombatant deaths at "a fraction of what we had in the first Gulf War" for a comparable period, said Cusimano-Love.

"The good news is that the new technology that we have that was not available in the first Gulf War has been able to do a lot of discrimination in the bombing that has taken place," said Cusimano-Love. "So even though Baghdad has been the recipient of a good deal of bombing over the last five days, it's been almost all precision guided [smart] munitions."

The bad news, said Cusimano-Love, is that at least 10 percent of the bombs dropped on Iraq are "dumb"--guided by the skill of the pilot dropping the weapon, not, like their "smart" counterparts, by sensors that direct the weapon toward its intended target.

"The dumb munitions are primarily being used in close air support ... when our troops get involved in a fire fight," said Cusimano-Love. The major problem in terms of civilian causalities, she explained further, arises far after the dumb bombs, including cluster bombs, are dropped. "All the human rights groups--the International Committee for the Red Cross, Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International--point out that a lot of civilians get killed by them because not all of them explode at the time [they are dropped]. They get covered by the desert sand and essentially become land mines."

And what of "shock and awe," the strategy employed by the United States in the early stages of the war?

"A lot of shock and awe is [based] on deterrence--that by amassing such a clearly superior force you'll encourage the defections and surrender of the other side--and clearly that's what U.S. forces are still hoping for."

To the degree that the strategy "focuses on precision-guided and much more discriminatory weapons," and specifically aims to minimize civilian causalities, it "could be a good thing," said Cusimano-Love.--Joe Feuerherd

Witness against war

Clockwise from left: In Washington March 16, some 70 religious leaders and peace activists marched from New York Avenue Presbyterian Church to Lafayette Park in front of the White House, where they climbed over barricades and offered themselves for arrest as a witness against war on Iraq. About 100 people gathered to support those arrested. * Daniel EIIsberg prays prior to his arrest, flanked by Nobel Peace laureates Jody Williams and Mairead Corrigan Maguire. * Auxiliary Bishop Thomas Gumbleton of Detroit is arrested. The civil disobedience action was coordinated by Pax Christi USA, a Catholic peace group.

RELATED ARTICLE: Americans in Baghdad question `precision' bombing.

Precision bombing, it seems, depends on one's perspective.

Writing on the Web site of the Iraq Peace Team--Americans who have remained in Iraq not, they say, as "human shields" but as peace advocates "standing in solidarity" with Iraqis--Lisa Ndjeru wrote that one person's precision is another's destruction.

"We get many phone calls from the media wanting to know casualty numbers and information about places hit. There's a lot of talk about precision. Are the Americans hitting precise targets? Are they keeping casualties to a minimum? It makes me very angry. Even if it were precision bombing, precision being that not a single civilian or home were hit, it still doesn't make this war legitimate....

"It isn't that precise. We've gone to a hospital to see the civilian casualties. We've gone to visit bombing sites. There are civilian homes that are being hit. It makes me angry. I wonder how many people, little girls, little boys, mothers, fathers, grandparents, do we need to see either dead or mimed in order to say this is wrong.

"I watched TV yesterday and I saw some American casualties, some prisoners of war and some dead, and it breaks my heart to see those young soldiers stripped of their gear and their teams and their armaments and their weapons and their certainties, alone in the enemy camp. It shouldn't come to that." --Joe Feuerherd